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In this issue of the journal Internal Medicine, Mashima and colleagues present a very impressive image of a case of malignant melanoma that spread in flat on the left arm (1). At a glance, the patient’s forearm was diffusely colored in black pigmentation that appeared exactly like a tattoo (1). Superficial spreading melanoma is the major type of melanoma. In contrast, such cases with a diffuse, progressive appearance are thought to be quite rare. According to a nationwide registry analysis that was conducted in Japan between 2011 and 2013, the crude incidence of invasive cutaneous melanoma per 100,000 person-years was 1.24 (2). Although less frequent in comparison to Western countries, cutaneous involvement is common among all types of melanoma, and a quarter of the cutaneous melanomas were located in the upper limb. General practitioners should consider the possibility of melanoma in the differential diagnosis of unusual skin pigmentations. With regard to treatment of advanced melanoma, cytotoxic chemotherapy showed limited efficacy; the overall response rate (ORR) was approximately 10%, the median progression-free survival (PFS) was approximately two months, and the median overall survival (OS) was less than ten months (3). The treatment of melanoma has dramatically changed through the development of targeted therapy and immunotherapy. Approximately half of melanomas contain a mutation in the gene that encodes BRAF, mutations of which are associated with high-risk features, primary truncal development, younger age, lack of chronic skin damage, and a worse prognosis (4). BRAF inhibitor treatment has been shown to be effective. The median PFS for BRAF inhibitor treatment was reported to be 9.4 months, while the median OS was 25 months (5). The most common adverse event reported in association with this treatment was pyrexia, while the most common grade 3-4 adverse events included hyponatremia and neutropenia (5). Monoclonal antibodies that inhibit programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) or its ligand (PD-L1) have recently been developed. When PD-1 on T cells attaches to PD-L1 on the surface of cancer cells, the T cells become inactive. The inhibition of PD-1/PD-L1 interaction can activate the T cells to attack cancer cells. The administration of nivolumab, an antiPD-1 antibody, to previously untreated melanoma patients without BRAF mutations achieved an ORR of 40.0%, a median PFS of 5.1 months, and a 1-year OS rate of 72.9% (6). The administration of pembrolizumab, another anti-PD-1 antibody, to previously untreated or treated melanoma patients achieved a median OS of 31 months (7). The administration of ipilimumab, an inhibitor of cytotoxic T-lymphocyteassociated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), can also augment antitumor immunity, and showed a durable response in some patients; the plateau in the OS rate curve beyond three years ranged from 20% to 26% (8). Immunotherapy is free from direct myelosuppression and direct organ toxicities; thus, it is expected to be useful for the treatment of elderly patients. Actually, the oldest patient in the phase 3 study of anti-PD-1 was 86 years of age (6). However, immune-related adverse events (i.e., interstitial pneumonia, colitis, hypothyroidism, liver dysfunction, skin rash, type 1 diabetes, myasthenia gravis, neuropathy, and myositis) are disadvantageous (6-8). In patients of 80 years of age, the efficacy and toxicity of immunotherapy against metastatic melanoma were comparable to the efficacy and toxicity in younger patients (9). When patients of <65 years of age were compared to those of 70 years of age, the incidence of grade 3-5 adverse events was 58.4% vs. 71.7%, respectively, while the incidence of events leading to discontinuation was 14.4% vs. 19.8%, (10). These results suggest the possibility that elderly patients may have an increased rate of adverse events. Naturally, a careful evaluation of general conditions and a geriatric assessment are necessary for the proper management of immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment and immune-related adverse events.

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy: A Boon to Elderly Patients with Advanced Melanoma?