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Positron emission tomography (PET) provides important metabolic information about tracer kinetics. Photon attenuation, scattered radiation, spatial resolution limitation and reconstruction algorithm parameters are variables that influence image quality and quantitative accuracy. The objective of this work was to examine the impact of the combined correction of photon attenuation and scatter on the quality and quantitative accuracy of small animal PET images reconstructed using the analytic filtered back projection algorithm (FBP) and the iterative maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) technique at different values of the smoothing parameter β.Methods. A homogenous water phantomandthree different configurations of NEMA image quality phantom were employed using a small animal PET scanner (InveonTM, Siemens medical solutions, Inc). A 20 min PET/CT scans were performed for all phantoms using a list mode acquisition. All Data were sorted into 3D sinograms and reconstructed using 2D FBP after Fourier rebinning and also reconstructed using OSEM3D/MAP (2 iteration OSEM3D and 18 iterations using MAP). Figures of merit used were error of tracer estimate, recovery coefficient, percentage standard deviation, spillover ratio and image noise. Results. Based on object geometry and size, FBP with attenuation and scatter correction provides accurate tracer concentration within the range of 5% and possible improvement can be achieved using MAP reconstruction. Without correction, errors of activity quantitation is significantly high, on average 34.5±7.2% Recovery coefficient was also found to improve with proper tuning of the β value using MAP reconstruction. Spillover ratio indicated some variations between FBP and MAP in air and water compartments, which might be attributed to the performance of the scatter correction. Noise measurements were superior with MAP reconstruction especially at high β values, but this occurs with edge artifacts and slight distortion of some geometric structures. Very small values of the beta have better resolution characteristics but high values have increased smoothing effect and blurring appearance. Conclusion: Attenuation correction is important in small animal PET and allows for reliable tracer estimate. Spatial resolution is improved by MAP technique and low β values provide high resolution capabilities and recovery coefficients but high values improve noise levels. For a given application, proper selection and employment of the smoothing parameter β should be followed. Scatter correction need to be improved especially in large objects or simultaneous acquisition of multiple numbers of animals.

Image Quality and Quantitative Accuracy of Small Animal PET Images: Role of Physical Effects Correction and Reconstruction Algorithm