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I was graduated by the Faculdade de Medicina of the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) in 1967; I was a general surgery resident at the UFRJ, between 1967 and 1968, and I spent three more years there as a general surgeon. From 1973 to 1976, I did my residency training in cardiothoracic surgery at the University of Illinois (U of I), in Chicago, United States of America (USA). After returning to Brazil, I began my academic career at UFRJ with a high note when I achieved the position of full professor of Cardiothoracic Surgery in 1996. In 2013, I was compulsory retired from the UFRJ, at 70 years of age. After that, I continued working with open-heart surgery in private practice. During those 46 years of practice, I have observed a tremendous change in cardiac surgery practices, ranging from diagnosis, equipments, and prostheses to surgical techniques and postoperative care. In this Editorial, I will pinpoint the 10 most important changes that have impressed me in this long period of time.

Reflections on the Cardiac Surgery Practiced in the1970s when Compared with the Current Practice