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Native arsenic is an occasional ore mineral in some hydrothermal base metal deposits. Its rarity (compared to pyrite, arsenopyrite, galena, sphalerite, or chalcopyrite, for example) is surprising, as arsenic is a common constituent of upper crustal fluids. Hence, the conditions of formation must be quite special to precipitate native arsenic. An ideal location to investigate the formation of native As and to explore the parameters constraining its crystallization is the Michael vein near Lahr, Schwarzwald, southwest (SW) Germany. Here, galena, sphalerite, and native arsenic are the most abundant ore minerals. The two important ore stages comprise (1) galena-barite and (2) sphalerite-native arsenicquartz, the latter with a general mineral succession of pyrite → sphalerite ± jordanite-gratonite solid solution → galena → native As. The native arsenic-bearing mineralization formed by cooling of an at least 130 °C hot saline fluid accompanied by a reduction due to the admixing of a sulfide-bearing fluid.

Formation of native arsenic in hydrothermal base metal deposits and related supergene U 6+ enrichment: The Michael vein near Lahr, SW Germany