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Nitrogen greatly impacts plant growth and development. The objective of this study was to characterize growth, nitrogen use, and gene expression of perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne ) in response to increasing nitrogen supplies. Perennial ryegrass (cv. Inspire) was grown in sand culture and irrigated with a half-Hoagland solution amended with 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 m m  nitrogen. Leaf tissues were harvested at 10 days (first cutting) and 20 days (second cutting) and roots were harvested at 20 days. The relatively higher N supply (2.0–7.5 m m ) resulted in a larger amount of leaf fresh and dry weight but lower root fresh and dry weight, especially for the second cutting. Root:leaf ratio was higher under low N, but lower under the high N treatment. Leaf N content was relatively higher under 2.5, 5, and 7.5 m m  N than under the other three treatments, while 2.5 m m  N exhibited relatively higher leaf carbon content for both cuttings. Leaf C:N ratio and leaf nitrogen use efficiency (LNUE) decreased with increasing N supplies for the first cutting but were higher under low N (0–1.0 m m ) for both cuttings. Leaf C:N ratio and LNUE did not differ among low N and LNUE also remained unchanged among high N for the second cutting. Root N content increased, but the root C:N ratio and root N use efficiency (RNUE) decreased with increasing N supplies, especially under 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 m m  N. Low (0.5 m m ), moderate (2.5 m m ), and high (7.5 m m ) N were chosen to examine the expression level of  NR  encoding nitrate reductase and  GS1b  encoding glutamine synthetase. Treatment of 0.5 m m  N had higher expression levels of leaf  NR  than other two treatments for both cuttings and a higher level of leaf  GS  for the second cutting. Expression of  NR  in the roots did not vary among treatments but the expression of  GS  increased under 2.5 and 7.5 m m , compared with the 0.5 m m  N. Differential leaf and root growth and physiological responses to low N (0 to 1 m m ) and to moderate to high N (2.5 to 7.5 m m ) could be used for examining the natural variation of N use in diverse perennial ryegrass populations.

Leaf and Root Growth, Carbon and Nitrogen Contents, and Gene Expression of Perennial Ryegrass to Different Nitrogen Supplies