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Another new garden chrysanthemum phenotype, the groundcover or prostrate plant habit, has been developed by the public sector University of Minnesota, Flower Breeding & Genetics Program. Winterhardiness and flowering before a killing frost were the first traits introduced by the breeding program with ‘Duluth’ in 1939 (Clark, 1962; University of Minnesota, Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, 2014); introduction of winter-hardy cultivars and genotypes has continued unabated ever since. Fall flowering remains a popular trait of all garden chrysanthemum types (Anderson, 2006; Dole and Wilkins, 2005). ‘Duluth’ has an upright plant habit (cut flower); such cultivars have limited market share due to potential lodging and decreased flower coverage (Anderson, 2006). Later, the cushion plant habit was first developed in the 1950s– 1970s at the University of Minnesota with plant growth in a spherical shape and complete flower coverage during fall flowering (Langevin, 1992; Widmer, 1980). ‘Minn’ was the first cushion series on the market with ‘Minngopher’ (PP 4327) the first patented cushion cultivar (Widmer, 1978). Cushion plant habits now retain dominant market share of garden chrysanthemums across the United States and the globe, whereas upright (cut types) are second (Anderson, 2004, 2006; Anderson and Gesick, 2003, 2004; Kim and Anderson, 2006). More recently, the large, expansive ‘‘shrub’’ and cushion plant habit, characteristic of the Chrysanthemum ·hybridum Anderson ‘Mammoth ’ series (nine cultivars) reignited interest in garden mums, helping to move garden chrysanthemum market share from the no. 2 or 3 herbaceous perennial (behind Hosta and Hemerocallis) to the no. 1 ranking (Anderson, et al., 2015). Currently, garden chrysanthemums, Chrysanthemum ·grandiflorum Tzvelv. (syn. Dendranthema ·grandiflora Tzvelv.; syn. Chrysanthemum ·morifolium Ramatuelle) and Chrysanthemum ·hybridum Anderson, are the no. 1 herbaceous perennial in the top 15 U.S. producing states with a wholesale farm gate value of $117.54M in 2014 (USDA NASS, 2015). For the past several decades in the United States, garden chrysanthemum sales have exceeded the sum of both florist’s potted [$21.767 million (w)] and pompon cut flower chrysanthemums [$11.497 million (w)] (USDA NASS, 2015). The groundcover habit, exemplified by MN Sel’n. 90-275-27, is a genetically controlled, stable trait without the need for plant growth regulator or other chemical applications or hand manipulation to achieve the plant habit. The groundcover phenotype is characterized as horizontal growth of the lateral branches, creating a groundcover, wave, or prostrate growth form. In typical garden chrysanthemums, plant height:width follow a 1:1 ratio for cushion (hemispherical) types. In standard or upright garden chrysanthemums used as cut flowers (flowering only at the terminal branches), the height:width ratios = 1.5–2:1. Groundcover types exhibit height:width ratios of 1:3, 1:4, or 1:6. Groundcover MN Sel’n. 90-275-27 has a mean height:width ratio of 1:3.7, although it typically ranges from 1:1.7 to 1:3.2 or, in rare cases, 1:15.4 (Table 1). Groundcover chrysanthemums have lateral branches that grow horizontally along the soil surface in field and container trials (Anderson and Gesick, 2004; Gesick, 1997) and offer a genetic, rather than cultural, alternative to labor reduction. The effect of this growth creates a plant wider than it is tall. Thus, they differ from the cascade chrysanthemums used in botanic gardens for fall flowering shows, whose cascading effect results from downward vertical growth (negative geotropism) by training and pinching (Alfors, 1977; Bruckhaus, 1975; Miller, 1976). Cascade chrysanthemums are grown as hanging plants in large containers, achieving lengths of 1.8–2.1 m at flowering. Groundcover chrysanthemums may be useful in hanging baskets, rock gardens, large container plantings, and/or as edgings (Anderson and Gesick, 2004; Gesick, 1997). Given the increase in sales of petunias after the release of prostrate ‘Wave ’ petunias, e.g., $58.692 million (w) sales in petunia (flats only) for 1994 vs. $137.056 million (w; flats, potted, hanging baskets) for 2001 (USDA Statistics Board, 1995, 2002), a similar revolution could occur in the garden mum market with groundcover, prostrate, or wave-type cultivars. We have conducted container and field trials of groundcover chrysanthemums since 1990; creation of hybrid and inbred selections with this plant habit has been a major breeding objective since that time (Anderson and Gesick, 2004). In excess of 30 genotypes with the groundcover habit, covering all flower color classes (yellow, white, purple/ lavender, and bronze/red) and many flower types (daisy, duplex, semidouble, double, etc.) are contained within the breeding program.

Chrysanthemum ×grandiflorum MN Sel’n. 90-275-27 Groundcover Garden Chrysanthemum