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Biofumigation by volatiles of Muscodor albus Worapong, Strobel & W.M. Hess, an endophytic fungus, was investigated for the biological control of three postharvest fungi, Botrytis cinerea Pers., Penicillium expansum Link, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib) de Bary, and three bacteria, Erwinia carotovora pv. carotovora (Jones) Bergey et al., Pseudomonas fl uorescens Migula (isolate A7B), and Escherichia coli (strain K12). Bacteria and fungi on artifi cial media in petri dishes were exposed to volatiles produced by M. albus mycelium growing on rye seeds in sealed glass 4-L jars with or without air circulation for up to 48 hours. The amount of dry M. albus-rye seed culture varied from 0.25 to 1.25 g·L -1 of jar volume. Fan circulation of volatiles in jars increased effi cacy and 0.25 g·L -1 with fan circulation was suffi cient to kill or suppress all fungi and bacteria after 24 and 48 hours, respectively. Two major volatiles of M. albus, isobutyric acid (IBA) and 2-methyl-1-butanol (MB), and one minor one, ethyl butyrate (EB), varied in their control of the same postharvest fungi and bacteria. Among the three fungi, IBA killed or sup- pressed S. sclerotiorum, B. cinerea, and P. expansum at 40, 25, and 45 µL·L -1 , respectively. MB killed or suppressed S. sclerotiorum, B. cinerea, and P. expansum at 75, 100, and 100 µL·L -1 , respectively. EB was only able to kill S. sclerotiorum at 100 µL·L -1 . Among the three bacteria, IBA killed or suppressed E. coli (K12), E. carotovora pv. carotovora, and P. fl uorescens at 5, 12.5, and 12.5 µL·L -1 , respectively. MB killed or suppressed E. coli (K12), E. carotovora pv. carotovora, and P. fl uorescens at 100, 75, and 100 µL·L -1 , respectively. EB did not control growth of the three bacteria. This study demonstrates the need for air circulation in M. albus, MB, and IBA treatments to optimize the effi cacy of these potential postharvest agents of disease control.

In vitro Effects of Muscodor albus and Three Volatile Components on Growth of Selected Postharvest Microorganisms