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Received for publication 29 Nov. 2001. Accepted for publication 30 Nov. 2001. This work was funded in part by the following: USDA–NRI (9237300-7653, 95-37300-1575, 00-35300-9356), NSF (IBN-9604115, DBI-9872617), Zeneca Agrochemicals, Lipton Foods, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, and USDA–ARS. The nutritional challenges in developed nations such as the United States are unique and significant. Minimal nutritional requirements are often not met while caloric requirements are increasingly exceeded. This dichotomy typically results from consumption of excessive snack and processed foods in place of fruits and vegetables— which are typically the highest sources of fiber and many essential vitamins and nutrients. Advanced plant breeding and genetic enhancement (biotechnology) afford opportunities to address this important health challenge by: 1) increasing the quality of produce (flavor, aroma, appearance, texture) to enhance desirability, thus making fruits and vegetables more competitive with processed foods; and 2) optimizing concentration and bioavailability of essential nutrients to yield crops with greater “health impact.” In addition to the United States and developed countries, products developed from said technologies will be important for meeting nutritional needs in underdeveloped and developing nations. Indeed, the best argument for responsible use of genetic engineering will be development of crop plants that enhance the sustainability and quality of human life. Additional benefits will be the impact of health-based added value to the agricultural economy and logical extension of scientific findings to improvement of livestock and pet health. While crop species harbor many of the dietary requisites for basic human existence, numerous epidemiological studies suggest that plant-based foods contain varied and numerous compounds that can significantly impact human health beyond the maintenance of basic nutrition (Yochum et al., 2000). Such compounds are commonly referred to as phytonutrients or nutraceuticals. An example of particular interest to our research group is the broad class of antioxidants whose elevated consumption is associated with reductions in heart disease and decreased incidence of certain cancers (Rao and Agarwal, 2000). The development of genomics and bioinformatics tools has placed plant science on the threshold of developing traditional crops optimized for compounds that will not only meet the needs of basic nutrition, but will additionally reduce the incidence of degenerative disease and improve human health and resulting quality of life.

659 Genetic Control of Fruit Quality and Prospects for Nutrient Modification