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A monitoring and control system for sequentially measuring whole-tree-canopy gas exchange of four apple ( Malus domestica  Borkh.) trees in the field is described. A portable, highly transparent, open-top whole-canopy cuvette was developed for complete enclosure of the above-ground portion of the tree. The flux of whole-canopy CO 2  and H 2  0 vapor was estimated from differential CO 2  concentration and H 2 O-vapor partial pressure between ambient/reference air entering the cuvette and analysis air leaving the cuvette, as measured by infrared gas analysis. The bulk air-flow rate through the chamber was measured with a Pitot static tube inserted into the air-supply duct and connected to a differential pressure transducer. Performance of the whole-canopy cuvette system was tested for its suitability for gas-exchange measurements under field conditions. The air flow through the whole-canopy cuvette was 22000 L·min -1  (≈5.5 air exchanges/min) during the day, providing adequate air mixing within the cuvette, and 4000 L·min -1  (≈1 air exchange/min) during the night. Daily average leaf temperatures within the cuvette were 2-3 °C higher than to those on trees outside the cuvette. Photosynthetic photon flux transmitted through the chamber walls was at least 92 % of the incident ambient radiation. Moreover, the whole-canopy cuvette was evaluated without tree enclosure to determine the degree of “noise” in differential CO 2  concentration and H 2 O-vapor partial pressure and was found to be acceptable with ΔCO 2  ± 0.3 (μmol·mol -1  and ΔH 2 O ± 5 Pa. Whole-canopy carbon gas exchange and transpiration of four cropping `Braeburn'/M.26 apple trees followed closely incident radiation over the course of a day.

Portable Through-flow Cuvette System for Measuring Whole-canopy Gas Exchange of Apple Trees in the Field