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Factors influencing regeneration and ß-glucuronidase expression from apple ( Malus  ×  domestica  Borkh.) stem internodes were studied as part of a program to develop transgenic `Royal Gala' apple with improved disease resistance. The early stages of the transformation process were monitored by counting the number of ß-glucuronidase (GUS) expressing zones immediately after co-cultivation of explants with  Agrobacterium tumefaciens  supervirulent strain EHA105 (p35SGUS_INT) and by counting the number of GUS-expressing calli developing on explants 2 weeks after co-cultivation. Etiolated shoots were produced from in vitro shoots cultured for 2 weeks in the light followed by 2 weeks in the dark and were compared with shoots cultured for 4 weeks in the light (green shoots). First internodes from etiolated shoots produced three, 10 and 100 times the number of shoots regenerated from second, third, and fourth internodal explants, respectively, and produced seven times the number of shoots compared with similar explants from green shoots. 100% of first internodes from etiolated shoots exhibited GUS-expressing zones and yielded twice as many GUS-expressing zones when compared with leaf explants from green shoots, which exhibited GUS-expressing zones in only 60% of the explants. An average of nine GUS-expressing calli per explant were produced on first internodes from etiolated shoots 2 weeks after co-cultivation.

Factors Influencing Shoot Regeneration and ß-Glucuronidase Expression from `Royal Gala' Apple Internodes