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Cephalotaxus  species are needle evergreens offering the aesthetic qualities of  Taxus , yew, yet are heat- and drought-tolerant, sun- and shade-adaptable, and resist deer browsing. They are adaptable to nursery and garden cultivation in USDA hardiness zones (5)6–9. Unfortunately, the various species are frequently confused in the American nursery trade due to their extreme similarity in morphology. Recently, molecular data have been widely applied in the taxonomic studies, especially DNA sequencing. The chloroplast gene  rbcL  of  Cephalotaxus  has been sequenced for determining species relationships. The preliminary results show that  C. oliveri  Mast. has 10 base changes from  C. drupacea  Sieb. et Zucc., while only one base difference occurred between  C. drupacea  and  C. harringtonia  (Forbes) Koch. There are between one and 10 base substitutions among  C. fortunei  Hooker,  C. koreana  Nakai, and  C. sinensis  (Rehd. et Wils.) Li. Compared with other closely related conifers,  Cephalotaxus  has a substantial number of differences among species except between  C. drupacea  and  C. harringtonia , which may not be distinct species. Detailed data relative to gene sequencing, growth morphology, and horticultural characteristics should lead to correct identification of species and great horticultural uses. Furthermore, the method of  rbcL  sequence can be applied to distinguish other morphologically homogeneous ornamental plants.

Classification of Cephalotaxus Species Based on rbcL Sequences