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In many developing nations, vegetable gardening is important for food production and as an income source (Beverly et al., 1991; Bittenbender, 1985; Jack and Caldwell, 1988; Midmore et al., 1991; Venkataratnan, 1992). Accordingly, vegetable gardening projects that promote production for home consumption, local sale, or export are important components of many agencies’ development projects. Although the crops selected for these projects vary tremendously due to climate, objectives, and local preferences, they often include tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), eggplant (Solarium melongena L.), summer squash (Cucurbita pepo var. melopepo L.), winter squash (Cucurbita pepo var. pepo (L.),bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.], onion (Allium cepa L.), and cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.). Other crops may include sweet corn (Zea mays var. rugosa Bonaf], okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench], watermelon [Citrus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai], cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), and sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.]. In West Africa, irrigated vegetable production schemes often involve installing 1-mdiameter hand-dug, concrete-lined wells, an expensive undertaking that requires long-term commitment to a particular location. In many low-income areas, watering cans are used to distribute water by hand, a labor-intensive process. Furthermore, although individual gardeners intensively manage their plots, the need for foot paths throughout cooperative schemes reduces the efficiency of using the total irrigated area. In contrast, in some areas of West Africa (as I observed in Niger), shallow groundwater (3 to 10 m deep) can be tapped using inexpensive small-diameter, hand-drilled wells lined with polyvinylchloride pipe. Such schemes can be developed at much lower. cost, making the benefits of vegetable gardening widely available to the local popu-

ASTER Garden: A Novel Vegetable Garden Design for International Development