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zMean separation in columns by analysis of standard errors from categorical modeling (SAS, 1988). yDPA = days postanthesis. NS,*Nonsignificant or significant at P = 0.05, respectively. Embryogenic and organogenic cell cultures have been reported for several bunch grape cultivars (Gray and Meredith, 1992). Recently, embryogenesis was obtained for the first time in muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia Michx., subgenus Muscadinia Planch.) (2n = 40) using a unique ovule culture protocol to obtain zygotic embryos, which were then used as explants (Gray, 1992). In this report, we describe the effects of ovule maturity and genotype on the recovery of zygotic embryos and embryogenic cultures from 11 muscadine grape cultivars. Cultivar vines at the Central Florida Research and Education Center’s experimental vineyard in Leesburg wereevaluated for floral development daily during Apr. and May 1991. Flower clusters in which anthesis had occurred in ≈25% of individual flowers were tagged to establish anthesis date. Ovule maturities were based on age in days postanthesis (DPA) (10, 20, 30, and 40). No fewer than 130 ovules for each treatment (each cultivar at each sample date) were dissected from berries and cultured as described by Gray (1992); however, random losses due to contamination resulted in an actual sample range of 109 to 127 ovules among treatments. After 5 weeks in culture, ovules were dissected and the presence of zygotic embryos was determined. To produce embryogenic cultures, ovules from 10-day samples were recultured intact, since cursory examination revealed that zygotic embryos large enough to be recognized through a stereo microscope were not

Effect of Ovule Maturity on Recovery of Zygotic Embryos and Embryogenic Cultures from Muscadine Grape