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Barrett’s esophagus (BE) is a metaplastic alteration that squamous epithelial cells being replaced by columnar epithelium with goblet cells, and is well established as the precursor lesion for esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). As the prognosis of EAC is extremely poor because of its late presentation, the mainstay of BE management should be focused on the early detection and treatment with its associated dysplasia. In this review, we will describe the pathological characteristics of BE and its associated neoplasia, and discuss the biomarkers that are relevant in the diagnosis, and prediction of the progression in BE. We will highlight some of the diagnostic biomarkers of BE: TFF3, cMYC, and HER2/ErbB2, the prognostic biomarkers: protein (p53, Cyclin A, SOX2, CD44, COX2, and MUC2), miRNA (microRNA 205, 203, 133-a, 21, 25, 223, and 375), and lncRNA (lncRNA SPRY4-IT1, TUG1, POU3F3, HNF1A-AS1, and MALAT1), and predictive biomarkers including Ki-67, TNF-α, CX3CL1, IP-10, microRNA 192, 194, 196a, 196b, lipocalin-2, and S100A9. This narrative review sets an ultimate goal for these biomarkers that help clinicians make an accurate diagnosis of BE, early diagnosis and treatment of BE-related neoplasia, and risk stratify the lesions at risk, so that they can benefit from the intensive surveillance and pre-emptive therapy.

Diagnostic and predictive biomarkers for Barrett’s esophagus: a narrative review