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In a globalized and eventful era, characterized by an unprecedented revolution in human knowledge, the tendency to underline the significance of advocating a cultural approach to translation became inevitable. In this context, Gideon Toury argues that “translation is a kind of activity which inevitably involves at least two languages and two cultural traditions” (Toury 1978: 200). Exploring the intersection between language and culture, Peter Newmark , in A Textbook of Translation, defines culture as the way of life and its manifestations that are peculiar to a community that uses a particular language as its means of expression (Newmark 1988: 94). However , the importance of cultural differences compared to linguistic differences in translation was raised for the first time in the theories of Eugene Nida who attributed equal importance to both of them emphasizing that distinction between cultures may cause more severe complications for the translator than do differences in language structure. (Nida 1964: 130). In Translation Studies, Susan Bassnett also underlines the connection between language and culture pointing out that language is “the heart within the body of culture”. According to Bassnett, the linguistic notions of transferring meaning are seen as being only part of the translation process, thus, “a whole set of extra-linguistic criteria, must he considered." Further, she argues that “the translator must tackle the SL text in such a way that the TL version will correspond to the SL version. To attempt to impose the value system of the SL culture into the TL culture is dangerous ground. (Bassnett 1996: 23).On this basis, it is apparent that culture is an integral part of the texture of language and since different languages use different linguistic systems, no language can adequately express the meaning of another.

The Intersection between Language, Culture, Race and Ideology Reflections on the Translation of African-American Literature into Arabic