English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

The aim of this paper is to analyse the public R&D investments in Poland and other Central and East European (CEE) countries, especially their share in public expenditures and their impact on private R&D. To verify the research hypothesis that public and private R&D investments are complementary, panel regression models has been employed for data from the years 1999–2015. The main findings provide support for the complementarity hypothesis, both in Poland and other CEE countries. However, in Poland the positive impact of public expenditure on R&D on private expenditure on R&D is limited by the share of public R&D investments in the structure of total R&D investments. The main conclusions drawn from the CEE models are the lack of crowding‑out effect and the fact that public investments performed in public sector were the most growth‑friendly on condition that the share of public spending (vs. private) has been moderate.

acta universitatis lodziensis. folia oeconomica

Publiczne wydatki na badania i rozwój i ich oddziaływanie na sektor prywatny: komplementarność czy substytucyjność? Analiza dla krajów Europy Środkowo‑Wschodniej