English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

By optic and transmission electron microscopy, the regularities of the transformation of structural-phase states, the defective substructure of the rail surface layer to the depth of 10 mm under long-term operation (passed gross tonnage 500 and 1000 mln ton) are determined. In the initial state the structure is presented by perlite grains with predominantly lamellar morphology, grains of a ferrite-carbide mixture and structurally free ferrite grains. It is shown that operation of rail steel is accompanied by a complete failure of lamellar pearlite grains in the 15 μm thick surface layer and the formation of a ferrite-carbide mixture with nano-size particles. The strain-induced transformation of steel leads to the increase in the scalar and excessive density of dislocations, the curvature-torsion value of the crystal lattice and the amplitude of internal stress fields.

Formation and evolution of structure-phase states in rails after drawn resource