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In Uraba, Antioquia (Colombia), there is a shortage of first-semester fruits and a surplus of second-semester fruits as a result of low or high precipitation, respectively, affecting the value of production. An experiment was established during 2015-2016 in an area representative of the region in order to determine the field distribution and plantation density that maximize the agronomic potential of Musa AAA Simmonds cv. Williams. The population arrangement treatments (rectangle, triangle and double row), planting densities (2,000; 2,500; 3,000 and 3,500 plants/ha) and one control (1,700 plants/ha in a triangle) were evaluated in a complete, random block design with three repetitions. In the phenological phases of floral differentiation, flowering and harvest, the gas exchange was quantified with measurements of the photosynthesis rate, internal CO2 concentration, stomatal conductance, transpiration, vapor pressure deficit, and water use efficiency. The leaf temperature, quantum photosynthesis efficiency and efficient use of radiation were also considered. The yield components and fruit quality were estimated with fruit mass, number of hands, number of fruits, length of the last hand and degree of the second and last hand. The results showed that the density 2,500 plants/ha, distributed in a triangle or double row, promoted the best use of the climate elements associated with photosynthetic activity under the environmental conditions of Uraba, Antioquia. Additional key words: gas exchange; tropical fruits; water relations; agronomic management; fruit quality. 1 Universidad de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Monteria (Colombia). ORCID Barrera-Violeth, J.L.: 0000-0001-9104-0099 2 Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Medellin (Colombia). ORCID Cartagena-Valenzuela, J.R.: 0000-0001-6196-2439; ORCID Nanclares-Gómez, O.A.: 0000-0002-9843-934X 3 Corresponding author: jlbarrera@correo.unicordoba.edu.co India leads banana production with 18% of the global harvest, 139 million t year-1(Santosh et al., 2017). However, in terms of exporting countries, Ecuador ranks number one with 6,685,000 t, while Colombia occupies fourth place with 1,806,000 t, after the Philippines (3,950,000 t), Guatemala (2,494,000 t) and Costa Rica (2,200,000 t) (FAO, 2020). In Colombia, the average productivity in 2018 was 2,002 boxes/ha, equivalent to 36 t ha-1 and higher than that 2017 (AUGURA, 2018). The climatic behavior that characterizes the Uraba region, dry in the first half of the year and wet in the second half (Toro et al., 2016), directly affects production, generating shortage in the first half and surpluses in the second half, which directly affects international prices (AUGURA, 2017; 2018). The photosynthetic process in plantains and bananas is controlled by internal factors, such as the genetic material, state of leaf development, integrity of the leaf blade, and by external factors, such as seasonality, daily climate, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), shading and watering regime (Turner et al., 2009; Ramirez et al., 2011; Robinson and Galán, 2010). In Musaceae, external factors from the competition for sunlight within the plant community (Cayón et al., 2004) and for water severely affect production (Cayón, 2004; Santos et al., 2018). On the other hand, intrinsic factors, such as low tolerance to water stress, in banana cultivars with a dominance of acuminata genes (Ravi et al. 2013) and physiological factors, such as premature stomatal closure, significantly influence the efficiency of plants (Surendar, 2015). However, proper management of density and arrangement between plants can control or decrease these effects and increase yield per unit area as a result of the efficient use of sunlight and water during the early phases of crop growth. Rodríguez et al. (2007) asserted that arrangements between plants facilitate better distribution in the field and a greater interception of solar radiation. In bananas, the double row arrangement increased the number of plants per hectare and production through an increase in the Leaf Area Index (LAI), which is a determining factor in PAR interception (Patil et al., 2018). Consequently, LAI plays an important role in the design of cultivation systems since, by varying the spacing between plants, the light interception, vigor of plants and yield are affected. Therefore, decreasing the distance between plants means LAI increases the efficiency for intercepting incident solar radiation but increases the light extinction coefficient (k) of the crop (Rodríguez et al., 2007; Turner et al., 2007). RESUMEN En el Urabá antioqueño (Colombia) se presenta una escasez de fruto en el primer semestre y una sobreoferta en el segundo semestre, motivada por la baja o alta precipitación respectivamente, situación que afecta el valor de la producción. Se estableció durante los años 2015-2016 en un lugar representativo de la región, un experimento con el objetivo de determinar la distribución en campo y la densidad de plantación que contribuyan a maximizar el potencial agronómico de Musa AAA Simmonds cv. Williams. Los tratamientos arreglo poblacional (rectángulo, triángulo y doble surco) y las densidades de plantación (2.000, 2.500, 3.000 y 3.500 plantas/ha; y un testigo (1.700 plantas/ha en triángulo), se evaluaron en un diseño de bloques completos al azar con tres repeticiones. En las fases fenológicas de diferenciación floral, floración y cosecha, el intercambio de gases se cuantificó con mediciones de tasa de fotosíntesis, concentración interna de CO2 conductancia estomática, transpiración, déficit de presión de vapor y eficiencia en el uso del agua. También se tuvieron en cuenta la temperatura de la hoja, la eficiencia cuántica de fotosíntesis y el uso eficiente de la radiación. Los componentes de rendimiento y la calidad del fruto se estimaron con la masa del fruto, numero de manos, numero de dedos, longitud de la última mano y grado de la segunda y última mano. Los resultados demostraron que la densidad de 2.500 plantas/ha distribuidas en triángulo o doble surco, promovió el mejor uso de los elementos del clima asociados con la fijación de CO2 en las condiciones ambientales de Urabá, Antioquia. Palabras clave adicionales: intercambio gaseoso; frutos tropicales; relaciones hídricas; manejo agronómico; calidad del fruto. Received for publication: 17-06-2020 Accepted for publication: 23-11-2020

Estimation of physiological parameters on high density plantations and population arrangements of Musa AAA Simmonds