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This study examines one of the most important issues in water economic research, namely, the nexus between water consumption and economic growth. Water consumption is determined by the intersection of endogenous growth function and water consumption function, neither function can be consistently identified by comparing average quantities of  water consumed at  different values of  observed real per  capita output. The  contribution of  this study is an investigation of the endogenous nexus between economic output and water consumption. Water consumption function is derived using an optimal dynamic equilibrium model. Two instrument variable models are proposed with real per capita economic output specified as a function of institutional reform and urbanization, which are used to examine the nexus among water consumption, reform, urbanization, and economic growth in Guangzhou, China.

The economic analysis of instrument variables estimation in dynamic optimal models with an application to the water consumption