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biomass, waste, etc.), especially sulphur, nitrogen, chlorine, and inorganic mineral matter, often end up in the syngas and can cause adverse impacts on downstream processes. Africary’s standard design incorporates a cold gas clean-up system that relies on relatively mature techniques based on highly effective wet scrubbers and acid gas removal (AGR) systems such as Rectisol®, Selexol® or aMDEA®; but with the downside of low energy efficiency and waste water generation. Hot (T > 300°C) gas clean-up technologies are attractive because they avoid cooling and reheating of the syngas stream. Some available warm gas cleaning technologies include traditional particulate removal devices such as cyclones, candle filters, membranes, and molecular sieves. The warm gas desulphurization process technology developed by RTI LLC (2018) requires hot syngas to remove sulphur and has become commercially ready. Many other hot gas cleanup systems are still under development, given the technical difficulties caused by extreme environmental and operating conditions. High-temperature syngas cleaning has been the focus of research for over three decades (Sharma et al., 2008), but a scientifically proven and tested technology has not yet been commercialized. Significant improvements have been achieved with candle filters in the past few years (Prabhansu et al., 2015); however, these conventional warm gas cleaning technologies have fundamental limitations due to the intrinsic material properties of candle filters that cause practical problems and lead to unacceptable availability. Sharma et al. (2008) presented the status of syngas cleaning technologies for particulate removal systems and reviewed the practical problems and limitations faced by these gas cleaning systems. Recommendations were also made to overcome these fundamental limitations. Gas clean-up technologies can generally be classified according to the process temperature range: hot gas clean-up (HGC), cold gas clean-up (CGC), or warm gas clean-up (WGC). There is considerable ambiguity in the literature around the definitions, and Woolcock and Brown (2013) propose a more rigorous classification based on condensation temperatures of various compounds. CGC generally describes wet scrubbing processes (Balas et al., 2014) that operate at nearambient conditions, utilizing water sprays, and which result in exit temperatures that allow water to condense and the contaminants either being absorbed into the water droplets or serving as nucleation sites for water condensation (Woolcock and Brown, 2013). WGC is often assumed to occur at temperatures higher than the boiling point of water but which still allow for ammonium Conceptual use of vortex technologies for syngas purification and separation in UCG applications