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Sustainable development was defined in 1987 by the World Commission on Environment and Development, as a development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainability has since become a guiding principle and basis for action in all fields of agriculture, including pest management. The principle is stipulated in the Declaration on Environment and Development of 1992 which calls for "research and development into pesticides that are target-specific and readily degrade into harmless constituent parts after use", as well as in the 'Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development' of 2002 which calls for "promoting programs for the environmentally sound, effective and efficient use of … pest control". How do these obligations translate into the reality of locust control? The present paper addresses this question from different perspectives, representing the 3 pillars of decision-making for sustainable development: capacity, understanding and willingness. It concludes that substantial progress has been made over the last decade in improving the technological capacity for more target-specific control (application technology, biological control, barrier treatment). However, despite all evidence, these innovations are often perceived with suspicion by locust control practitioners and the public. The paper identifies a lack of confidence in the efficacy of some of the new technologies as a major constraint to their adoption. Improving the understanding of these technologies is key to overcoming this constraint. This may require believing what one does not see immediately. Only then may decision makers be willing to include new and more environmentally sound technologies into their control portfolios—and so progress towards sustainable locust control.

We believe what we see—and vice versa: evidence versus perception in locust control