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Abstract  Mitochondrial molecular markers (DNA sequences of D-loop, cytochrome b and cytochrome c oxidase I) were employed to characterize populations of the piranha  Serrasalmus maculatus  from Upper Paraná, Upper Paraguay and Tocantins River basins. D-loop sequences of  S. maculatus  population from Paraná-Paraguay River basin exhibited tandem repeats of short motifs (12 base pairs) and variable numbers depending on specimens, accounting for length variation. Concatenated mitochondrial sequences suggested that  S. maculatus  encompasses different mitochondrial DNA lineages. Although sampling was restricted to three river basins, phylogenetic analysis clearly indicated that the species currently recognized as  S. maculatus  presents high genetic variability. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analysis clustered  S. maculatus  populations according to their locations. However, the highest genetic differentiation was identified between populations from Paraná-Paraguay system and Tocantins River basin. Three species delimitation analyses (PTP, GMYC, and ABGD) suggested that there are at least two species among the analyzed populations. The analysis of the mitochondrial sequences evidenced genetic differentiation among populations corresponding to related, but different species, suggesting that at least  S. maculatus  from the Tocantins River and Paraná-Paraguay River basins are most likely different species. Therefore,  S. maculatus  should be considered a species complex with morphologically cryptic diversity. An integrative revision is suggested.

genetics and molecular biology

Genetic evidence for a species complex within the piranha Serrasalmus maculatus (Characiformes, Serrasalmidae) from three Neotropical river basins based on mitochondrial DNA sequences