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“In an historic announcement on World Polio Day, an independent commission of experts concluded that wild poliovirus type 3 (WPV3) has been eradicated worldwide. Following the eradication of smallpox and wild poliovirus type 2, this news represents a historic achievement for humanity” 1. The book organized by João Batista Risi Junior is a treatise on poliomyelitis in Brazil, encompassing a long period from the first to the last decades of the 20th century. Organized in nine chapters by collaborators from the fields of Epidemiology, Health Surveillance, Clinical Medicine, History of Health Sciences, Biotechnology, and Social Communication, the book features diverse narrative styles; each section draws on vast documentation to record milestones and fundamental issues that helped structure public health in Brazil starting in the 1970s: the National Immunization Program (PNI); biotechnological development and vaccine production; strides in knowledge on polio’s clinical and neurological characteristics; the development of virology techniques implemented in the laboratory network for the identification and genetic typing of the poliovirus; and the development of epidemiological surveillance services, forerunners to the country’s current health surveillance system. The book discusses public health policies in Brazil and the management of public health programs. It also addresses some fundamentals in epidemiology, providing readers with the genesis of some key concepts such as “active surveillance”, “door-to-door immunization”, and “mopping up”. The interruption of indigenous transmission of the three types of polio (WPV1, WPV2, and WPV3), achieved in most countries in all regions of the world, can be considered a second milestone in the more recent history of public health, following the global eradication of smallpox in 1980. Today, the indigenous transmission of WPV1 is limited to some transmission chains on the border between Afghanistan and Pakistan; these border areas form a scenario of serious armed conflicts that severely impact coverage with monovalent Sabin vaccine (mOPV) against WPV1. The situation of armed confrontation also creates extensive population mobility, contributing to the persistence of transmission chains for the virus 2. In October 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) 1 celebrated the worldwide eradication of WPV3 just a few years after certification of the eradication of WPV2 in 2015. The last case of WPV3 had been identified in northern

Poliomielite no Brasil: do reconhecimento da doença ao fim da transmissão