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Radiol Bras. 2014 Set/Out;47(5):V–VI Prostate cancer is the neoplasia most commonly diagnosed in men and the second cause of cancer deaths in the male population worldwide. In Brazil, the Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA) estimates that about 68,800 new cases will be diagnosed in 2014, which makes it the most common type of cancer, except for cutaneous neoplasms. The diagnosis of prostate cancer is based on serum specific prostatic antigen (PSA) levels and on digital rectal examination. In cases where at least one of such parameters is altered, biopsy is indicated, generally under transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) guidance. This diagnostic method presents low complication rates, despite some recognized and significant limitations related to a less than ideal sensitivity and underestimation of the tumor volume and grade. Besides TRUS in prostate biopsy, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is other fundamental imaging method for assessing prostate cancer. Early in the nineties, MRI was a poorly promising method, as it was limited to the utilization of endorectal coils, generating images with low spatial and contrast resolution. With the development of the hardware, incorporating the use of multichannel pelvic coils, either in association or not with endorectal coils, and the addition of functional techniques to the standard morphological analysis, the MRI role for approaching patients with prostate cancer has considerably changed. The indications for MRI in cases of prostate cancer have continuously increased. Currently, one can mention several applications of MRI in the management of patients with prostate cancer, as follows: 1 – in the diagnosis, particularly for patients with high suspicion of cancer and repeated US-guided prostate biopsies with negative results; 2 – in the staging of prostate tumors – MRI has been recognized as the most promising method for determining the extent of extracapsular tumors; 3 – In several situations, the therapy planning may be changed as a function of information provided by MRI. Even in cases where MRI would not be usually indicated, for example, in cases of low-grade tumors (due to the low probability of extraglandular extension), with the development of new therapeutic options such as “watchful waiting”, where one must be certain about the tumor grade and extent, its use has been defended; 4 – in the follow-up and

Ressonância magnética multiparamétrica de próstata: a evolução de uma técnica