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BACKGROUND   Nanoparticles (NPs) are viable candidates as carriers of exogenous materials into cells via transfection and can be used in the DNA vaccination strategy against leptospirosis.    OBJECTIVES   We evaluated the efficiency of halloysite clay nanotubes (HNTs) and amine-functionalised multi-walled carbon nanotubes (NH 2 -MWCNTs) in facilitating recombinant LemA antigen (rLemA) expression and protecting Golden Syrian hamsters ( Mesocricetus auratus ) against  Leptospira interrogans  lethal infection.    METHODS   An indirect immunofluorescent technique was used to investigate the potency of HNTs and NH 2 -MWCNTs in enhancing the transfection and expression efficiency of the DNA vaccine in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Hamsters were immunised with two doses of vaccines HNT-pTARGET/ lemA , NH 2 -MWCNTs-pTARGET/ lemA , pTARGET/ lemA , and empty pTARGET (control), and the efficacy was determined in terms of humoral immune response and protection against a lethal challenge.    FINDINGS   rLemA DNA vaccines carried by NPs were able to transfect CHO cells effectively, inducing IgG immune response in hamsters (p < 0.05), and did not exhibit cytotoxic effects. Furthermore, 83.3% of the hamsters immunised with NH 2 -MWCNTs-pTARGET/ lemA  were protected against the lethal challenge (p < 0.01), and 66.7% of hamsters immunised with HNT-pTARGET/ lemA  survived (p < 0.05).    MAIN CONCLUSIONS   NH 2 -MWCNTs and HNTs can act as antigen carriers for mammalian cells and are suitable for DNA nanovaccine delivery.

DNA nanovaccines prepared using LemA antigen protect Golden Syrian hamsters against Leptospira lethal infection