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BACKGROUND The transmission routes for American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) are in flux, so studies examining its transmission in humans, mammalian hosts, and sand fly vectors are urgently needed. OBJECTIVES The aim of this work was understand the epidemiological cycles of  Leishmania  spp., which causes ACL in the Andean Region of Venezuela, by identifying the  Leishmania  and the sand fly species involved in human and dog infections. METHODS Thirty-one biopsies from patients in Mérida and Táchira states with suspected ACL were studied by both parasitological tests (cultures and hamster inoculation) and a molecular test [Internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) nested polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP)]. We also conducted a survey to detect  Leishmania  infection in dogs (Immunifluorescence antibody test and ITS1 nested PCR-RFLP) and sand flies (ITS1 nested PCR-RFLP) from El Carrizal, a highly endemic focus of ACL in Venezuela. FINDINGS Three different  Leishmania  species were identified in the clinical samples from humans ( Leishmania braziliensis ,  L. guyanensis , and  L. mexicana ) and dogs ( L. guyanensis  and  L. mexicana ). The predominant sand fly species found were those from the Verrucarum group (infected with  L. mexicana ) and  Lutzomyia migonei  (infected with  L. guyanensis  and  L. mexicana ). MAIN CONCLUSIONS We show that  Lu. migonei  may be the putative vector in two ACL epidemiological cycles, involving  L. guyanensis  and  L. mexicana . We also report for the first time the presence of  L. guyanensis  in domestic animals.

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Molecular typing reveals the co-existence of two transmission cycles of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Andean Region of Venezuela with Lutzomyia migonei as the vector