English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Earlier publications about the main directions of the environmental movement have been incomplete. Some papers discussed the relationships between nature conservation and animal advocacy, but they either disregarded environmentalism, or treated it as a synonym of nature conservation. This latter is a conceptual error since it does not take into account the different primary objectives, distinct historical roots and dissimilar ethical standards of nature conservation and environmentalism. Although a few publications did recognise the difference between nature conservation and environmentalism, these papers failed to include animal advocacy into their analyses. Consequently, a comprehensive overview of all three directions of the environmental movement is still lacking. In this article we argue that the environmental movement has three main directions: (1) nature conservation, (2) environmentalism and (3) animal advocacy. We analyse their main objectives, historical roots and ethical standards, and we scrutinise their relationships to one another. Distinguishing the three main directions will ease the use of clear ethical arguments supporting specific decisions. By clarifying the relationships among the main branches, our conceptual scheme will help to find allies and solve conflicts in applied conservation, animal advocacy and environmentalism. If the three directions join forces, there will be some reason for optimism.

THREE SIDES OF THE SAME COIN? THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT