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…the practice of pediatrics goes further than the mere diagnosing and treatment of diseased conditions, it must deal more and more with the prevention of disease as well. Lawrence T. Royster, MD, Journal of the American Medical Association August 14, 19151Pediatricians have a long tradition as advocates for disease prevention and social welfare. Many pediatricians, however, may not appreciate the connection between the early life of children and the prevention of cancer later in life. Most cancers are diagnosed in adulthood and messages about cancer prevention have emphasized “lifestyle” as the focus of prevention efforts. The words we use can frame the discussion and direct our focus. Although a person’s lifestyle or way of life can reflect larger social and ecological factors as well as individual behaviors, contemporary use of the term lifestyle tends to steer us away from contextual factors and instead toward an individual-focused approach. Lifestyle medicine, for example, focuses on adult behaviors, such as smoking, diet, physical activity, and alcohol use.2 A consideration of the factors in early life that influence cancer risk highlights some of the inherent limitations of using the term lifestyle when describing modifiable risk factors and opportunities for prevention.More than half a century ago, William Haenszel3 noted that immigrants to the United States experienced different risks for cancer mortality than whites who were born in the country, with excesses and deficits in risk that varied by cancer type. He discussed these data in the context … Address correspondence to Mary C. White, ScD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, MS F76, Atlanta, GA 30341. E-mail: mxw5{at}cdc.gov

Labeling Cancer Risk Factors as Lifestyle Limits Prevention Activities Across the Life Span