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In the Niger Delta, floodplains and maritime shore are used for human settlement and for economic development. These ecosystems are home to over 70 percent of the population, oil and gas installations but at the same time threatened by natural hazards of flooding and erosion. The scourge of flooding and erosion problems are exacerbated due to human settlements situated at the concave banks which are also the active zones of erosion processes. Concerns over the adverse impacts of river bank erosion on the socio economic development of the region has dominated political discourse for decades. Government commitment to flood and control in the Niger Delta dates back 1954 to 1961, when the Federal Government of Nigeria commissioned the NEDECO1 studies. These studies provided a concise description of the Niger Delta, river systems, guided in the selection of different flood and erosion protection options and navigation. Furthermore, the creation of the Niger Delta Development Board (NDDB) in 1966 demarcated Niger Delta as “Special Area” which deserves special consideration. Its major terms of reference were to submit schemes designed to promote the physical development of the Niger Delta together with cost estimates for implementation of such schemes. The NDDB was primarily an investigational body without executive powers to implement the designed schemes. In 1981, the Federal Government of Nigeria, through Niger Delta Basin Development Authority commissioned further studies of the Niger Delta with special emphasis on Flood and erosion Control and Improvement of Inland Waterways.1 This report provided detailed bathymetric and hydrographic data of the Nun and Forcados river system, sediment transport in rivers and long shore transport along the coast. The report presented plausible options to address the flood and erosion problems, and earmarked several prototype schemes for erosion and flood control, land reclamation and waterways improvement. Further the Federal Government of the Nigeria, through the Niger Delta Basin Development Authority also commissioned the Democratic People’s Republic (DPR) of Korea to investigate possible flood protection measures in the Nun and Forcados River Area.2 The Report focused on provision of hydro metrological data for the designs of flood controls schemes, economic development of the Basin and general improvement in the living standard of the people. The DPR Report1 recommendations for physical data acquisition towards development of a master plan. In 1981, the Rivers State Government commissioned Zinkcon International B.V. (Dutch) Company to undertake the design and construction of Flooding and Erosion Protection works for 16 towns and villages. The contract engagement commenced with the construction of two flooding and erosion prototype schemes at Otuokpoti and Sagbama towns. Sagbama town is situated on the left bank of Forcardos River, while Otuokpoti is situated also on the left bank of Ekole creek, a distributary of Nun River. The prototype schemes were the construction of composite revetment (profix materials system which offered combined advantages of reduced hydraulic loading and green solution for river bank protection. The remaining fourteen

Developments in river bank protection schemes in the lower Niger delta basin