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Abstract: The distinction between public law and private law is commonly referred to in Western legal culture and is considered as the basis of the classification of law. When we study whether such a distinction exists in Islamic law, we discover that it particularly resembles the distinction of the rights (claims) of God and the rights of man in Hanafi legal doctrine. The rights of man encapsulate some benefits which are under his exclusive authority. They are related to civil law (muʿamalāt) and some aspects of penal law, such as the right of retaliation (qisās). On the other hand, the rights of God, which resemble public law, are the rights not related exclusively to any one person but to the benefit of all humanity. By means of this distinction between the rights of man and rights of God, Islamic law is divided into two separate areas similar to the division between (Western) Public and Private law. Yet these two branches of law differ from one another in certain aspects. We observe that the area of rights of man (private law) is shaped around the concept of “milk” which is the most significant term indicating exclusivity on a property. The rights in marriage and retaliation (qisās) are also explained under the light of this term. Moreover, we can say that fiqh gives a more extensive place and time to private law, and that the main theories of fiqh are always developed in the field of private law. Keywords: Private, public, rights of God, Rights of man, Yasa, siyasa, milk, ʿurfī law Islam Hukukunda, Kamu Hukuku- Ozel Hukuku Ayiriminin Temelleri ve Bunun Etkisi. Oz: Bati hukuk kulturunde kendisine yaygin olarak atif yapilan Kamu Hukuku ve Ozel Hukuk ayrimi, hukuku iki farkli alana ayirmaktadir. Ozellikle Hanefi doktrini tarafindan gelistirilen Kul hakki - Allah hakki ayiriminin Islam hukukunda benzer bir fonksiyonu oldugunu ve bu ayrima paralel gorulebilecegini soyleyebiliriz. Kul hakki belirli fertlerin inhisar ve ihtisaslari altindaki haklari, temel olarak da medeni hukuk terimiyle paralel olan “muamelat” alanindaki yetkileri ve kisas gibi bazi ceza konularini kapsar. Allah hakki ise belirli kisilerin inhisari ve ihtisasi altinda olmayip kamunun tamamini ilgilendiren, onlarin yararini iceren haklardir. Ozellikle had cezalari ve diger kamusal hususlar ise Allah hakki alanina girmektedir. Islam hukukculari fikhin bu iki alanini bazi temel kriterler bakimindan birbirinden ayirmislardir. Kul hakki/Ozel hukuk alaninin, kullarin inhisar ve ihtisasini belirten en onemli terim olan, “milk” kavrami etrafinda sekillendigini ve nikah ve kisastaki haklarin da bu terim etrafinda aciklandigini goruruz. Ayrica fikhin ozel hukuka cok daha genis bir yer ve zaman ayirdigini, fikhin ana teorilerini hep ozel hukuk alaninda gelistirdigini soyleyebiliriz. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kamu hukuku, ozel hukuk, Allah haklari, kul haklari, orfi hukuk, yasa, Cengiz Yasasi, siyasa.

The Basis and Effects of the Division Between Private and Public Law in Classical Islamic Law