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Calling signals of three species of Delphacidae (Kelisiinae and Delphacinae), 13 species of Cixiidae, one species of Meenoplidae, two species of Dictyopharidae (Dictyopharinae and Orgeriinae), and two species of Caliscelidae from the Asian part of Palaearctic are described and illustrated by oscillograms and sonograms. Species of Cixiidae, Meenoplidae, and Dictyopharidae produce simple calling signals consisting of uniform short pulses; in Delphacidae and Caliscelidae signals have much more complex temporal and frequency pattern. Signal recordings of Cixius sibiricus, C. granulatus, and Reptalus narynensis were made far outside their known ranges; for these species drawings of male genitalia of specimens from new localities are given. РЕЗЮМЕ. Описаны призывные сигналы 3 видов Delphacidae (Kelisiinae и Delphacinae), 13 видов Cixiidae, 1 вида Meenoplidae, 2 видов Dictyopharidae (Dictyopharinae и Orgeriinae) и 2 видов Caliscelidae из азиатской части Палеарктики, приведены их осциллограммы и сонограммы. Представители Cixiidae, Meenoplidae и Dictyopharidae издают сигналы со сравнительно простым временным рисунком, состоящие из коротких однотипных пульсов; сигналы Delphacidae и Caliscelidae имеют гораздо более сложную временную и частотную структуру. Записи сигналов Cixius sibiricus, C. granulatus и Reptalus narynensis были сделаны в точках, лежащих за пределами их известных ареалов; для этих видов приведены рисунки гениталий самцов из новых местонахождений. Introduction Delphacinae (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Delphacidae) were the first objects of Fulgoroidea bioacoustics. Nilaparvata lugens (Stål, 1854) was the first species not only of Delphacinae, but also of all small Auchenorrhyncha for which was proved conclusively, that its acoustic signals transmit via substrate i.e. leaves and stems of host plants [Ichikawa, Ishii, 1974]. Investigation of signals of Javesella Fennah, 1963, Muellerianella Wagner, 1963, Ribautodelphax Wagner, 1963, Chloriona Fieber, 1866, and species from some other genera showed that the calling signals in this subfamily for the most part are rather complex phrases consisting of several different elements [de Vrijer, 1984, 1986; Booij, 1982; den Bieman, 1986, 1987; Strübing, Rollenhagen, 1988; de Winter, Rollenhagen, 1990; Gillham, de Vrijer, 1995]. Information on signals of other Fulgoroidea in those years was very scarce. Description of vibrational signals and mating behaviour of Dictyophara europaea (Linnaeus, 1767) (Homoptera: Dictyopharidae) was published by Strübing [1977]. Vibrational signals and mating behaviour in a number of peculiar species of cave-dwelling Cixiidae (Homoptera) were described by Hoch and co-authors [Howarth et al., 1990; Hoch, Howarth, 1993; Hoch, Wessel, 2006]. In species from both families signals consist of short simple uniform pulses, which can be grouped into single succession (syllable) either arranged in several trains of equal or different duration. Thus, their temporal pattern is much more simple, than in Delphacidae. In Cixiidae, this 308 D.Yu. Tishechkin phenomenon seemed to be the part of general reduction trends usually occurring in cave-dwelling organisms. Later, three papers on vibrational signals of Fulgoroidea from Russia and adjacent territories were published [Tishechkin, 1997, 1998, 2003]. The number of families and subfamilies studied increased significantly; calling signals of Derbidae, Issidae, Caliscelidae (Caliscelinae and Ommatidiotinae), Tropiduchidae, Kelisiinae (Delphacidae) and Orgeriinae (Dictyopharidae) were described for the first time. Surprisingly, it was found that simple calling signals consisting of uniform short pulses are not the exception but rather the rule in Fulgoroidea. Only in Delphacidae and Caliscelidae calling signals are complex, sometimes very long and variable phrases. Similarity of signal temporal pattern in different species of Fulgoroidea is not a rare case. First, in congeneric species calling signals sometimes are almost indistinguishable. Three species from the genus Cedusa Fowler, 1904 (Derbidae) and two closely related species of Reptalus Emeljanov, 1971 (Cixiidae) can be mentioned as examples [Tishechkin, 2008; Emelyanov, Tishechkin, 2012]. Second, species from different genera of Delphacidae quite often produce similar signals; in fact, signals of a considerable part of species studied can be attributed to one of several main types. Third, simple trains of pulses typical for many Cixiidae, Issidae and Dictyopharidae occasionally are similar even in species from different families. Anyway, in all cases the similarity of signal pattern occurs in acoustically isolated species occupying different communication cannels i.e. in allopatric forms, in species dwelling in different plant communities, etc. [Tishechkin, 2008]. Recently, several new papers on vibrational signals of Fulgoroidea were published. Comprehensive study of vibrational communication of Metcalfa pruinosa (Say, 1830) (Homoptera: Flatidae) provided first data on signals of Flatidae [Virant-Doberlet, Žežlina, 2007]. It was found that the signals of this species consist of uniform short pulses as in most other fulgoroid families. It is particularly remarkable that this species has nocturnal acoustic activity in contrast to most other small Auchenorrhyncha. Detailed investigation of mating behaviour of Hyalesthes obsoletus Signoret, 1865 (Cixiidae) was performed by Mazzoni et al. [2010]. Data on vibrational signals of three species of Cixiidae were published by Hoch and co-authors [Hoch et al., 2011, 2013; Kunz et al., 2014]. Although the number of studied species increased only slightly, extensive study of their biology and mating behaviour is of great interest. In particular, it was shown that one species, Apartus michalki (Wagner, 1948) has the only rather short peak of the mating activity in the evening [Kunz et al., 2014]. Another species studied, Celebenna thomarosa Hoch et Wessel, 2011 belongs to the tribe Bennini; this was the first species of this tribe, which signals were studied [Hoch et al., 2011]. The aim of the present paper is to provide a new data on the diversity (or, rather, uniformity) of calling signals of Fulgoroidea. All recordings were made during expeditions to Lower Volga Region, Central Asia, South Siberia and the Russian Far East. On the one hand, this made it impossible to study mating behaviour including female reply signals, but on the other, it allowed to obtain signal recordings of some species not available for laboratory studies. Signal recordings of three species of Cixiidae were made far outside their known ranges. For these species drawings of male genitalia are given to illustrate our interpretations of these forms and to provide new data on the variability of penis shape. Material and methods Planthopper vibrational signals were recorded by means of portable recording equipment consisting of a piezocrystal gramophone cartridge GZP-311 connected to the microphone input of a minidisk recorder Sony Walkman MZ-NH900 or a cassette recorder Elektronika302-1 (before 2005) via a custom-made matching amplifier. For recording a twig of host plant about 10–15 cm in length was attached to the cartridge by a rubber ring so that the cartridge needle touched the stem slightly. Then a nylon cage containing a male leafhopper was put on the twig. After a time, the male usually sat on the twig and started singing. All recording were made by the author. Signal analysis was performed on a PC fitted with an analog/digital converter L-305 (L-Card Ltd., Russia). Oscillograms and sonograms of signals were produced with TurboLab 4.2 and Cool Edit Pro 2.1 software. For elements of signal temporal pattern the following terms are used. Pulse is a brief elementary fragment of signal (or succession of sine waves) with rapid increase and subsequent decrease of amplitude, i.e. separated from similar fragments by amplitude minimums. Short fragments with more or less constant temporal pattern usually repeated with regular intervals and consisting of uniform or different pulses are referred to as syllables. Any more or less prolonged signal with complex pattern (e.g. succession of similar or different syllables, combination of several syllables and succession of pulses, etc.) is referred to as a phrase. Repetition period of pulses or syllables is an interval from the beginning of one syllable (pulse) to the beginning of the next one. Specimens studied are deposited in the collection of the Zoological Museum of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, digital signal recordings will be deposited in the Museum in the near future.

russian entomological journal

New data on vibrational calling signals of Fulgoroidea (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha) from the Asian part of Palaearctic with new records of three species of Cixiidae