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The native peoples of California can be grouped in several different ways. The map that appears in this book on page 36 is linguistic, identifying groups of people that spoke the same language or dialect. Anthropologists have most commonly grouped the native peoples of California in this way, because classification by language is relatively straightforward, and because peoples speaking the same language tend to have other cultural traits in common. However, the bonds between people that share a language are often less important than those created by other sorts of relationships. This was especially true in most of native California, where the nature of trade, warfare, cooperation, and almost every other kind of interaction depended on whether the individuals involved belonged to the same sociopolitical group, not whether they spoke a common language. There is, thus, a disconnect between the linguistic map used here and the groupings that determined dayto-day behavior in native California, since the individual language groups often comprised many independent sociopolitical groups. In most cases, everyone in a sociopolitical unit spoke the same language, but speaking the same language did not ensure membership in the same sociopolitical unit. The picture in native California is further complicated because sociopolitical groups differed in kind and composition across the state, and because these groups were displaced and disrupted by European and American contact and occupation. Prior to contact, many language groups, particularly in northern California, were subdivided into politically and economically independent groups consisting of several unrelated families that collectively owned and defended a specific tract of land. Alfred Kroeber called these groups “village communities” or “tribelets,” to distinguish these political entities from the more familiar Plains tribes, which were much larger and more unified.Tribe-

Note On Languages, Territories, And Names Of California Indian Tribes