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We studied the Armillaria population in a forest of natural pedunculate oak subject to periodic fl ooding and showing symptoms of oak decline. The study area was in Wołów Forest District in the Oder River Valley fl ood plain. Armillaria DNA was isolated by direct extraction from rhizomorphs and mycelium in soil and root samples. Armillaria species were identifi ed by PCR-RFLP of IGS-1 rDNA using the restriction enzymes AluI, TaqI, MspI, and BsmI. Rhizomorphs were found in 10 out of 12 sites. The number of soil rhizomorphs collected (0-28 in 100 kg of soil per sampling site) often differed signifi cantly between sites. The mean number of soil rhizomorphs per sample was signifi cantly less in fl ooded sites (0.30 or 0.46) than in the non-fl ooded control (1.16), and insignifi cantly less in sites fl ooded once (0.30) than in sites fl ooded twice (0.46). Comparison of the RFLP patterns for Armillaria samples from the oak forest with those for Armillaria testers showed them to be A. borealis (two DNA samples), A. cepistipes (seven samples), A. gallica (150 samples), and A. solidipes (one sample). RFLP patterns for Taq1 were unfamiliar, since this enzyme has rarely been used, while A. cepistipes gave a rare pattern with AluI, known previously only from Japanese isolates of this fungus. Since AluI and TaqI each produced a similar pattern for A. borealis and A. solidipes, an additional functionally effi cient enzyme, BsmI, was used. These results and those from other Armillaria population studies showed that fl ooding affected the abundance of soil rhizomorphs, but not the diversity of Armillaria species. The decreased abundance of Armillaria rhizomorphs in soil subjected to fl ooding may be indicative of the fl ooded soil syndrome in which general loss of fungi occurs. Flooding may still be considered, however, to be a short-term inciter and stress inducer, occurring between “primary” factors and “secondary” agents that predispose the tree to infection. This is the fi rst report on populations of Armillaria in declining oaks in fl ood-plain forests in the northern hemisphere.

Armillaria Population in Flood-Plain Forest of Natural Pedunculate Oak Showing Oak Decline