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We examined the frontal lobe connections of the digit representations in the primary motor cortex (M1), the dorsal premotor area (PMd), and the ventral premotor area (PMv) of cebus monkeys. All of these digit representations lie on the lateral surface of the hemisphere. We used intracortical stimulation to identify the digit representations physiologically, and then we injected different tracers into two of the three cortical areas. This approach enabled us to compare the inputs to two digit representations in the same animal. We found that the densest inputs from the premotor areas to the digit representation in M1 originate from the PMd and the PMv. Both of these premotor areas contain a distinct digit representation, and the two digit representations are densely interconnected. Surprisingly, the projections from the digit representation in the supplementary motor area (SMA) to the PMd and PMv are stronger than the SMA projections to M1. The projections from other premotor areas to M1, the PMd, and the PMv are more modest. Of the three digit areas on the lateral surface, only the PMv receives dense input from the prefrontal cortex. Based on these results, we believe that M1, the PMd, and the PMv form a densely interconnected network of cortical areas that is concerned with the generation and control of hand movements. Overall, the laminar origins of neurons that interconnect the three cortical areas are typical of "lateral" interactions. Thus, from an anatomical perspective, this cortical network lacks a clear hierarchical organization.

Frontal Lobe Inputs to the Digit Representations of the Motor Areas on the Lateral Surface of the Hemisphere