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It was proposed that the Drosophila amnesiac gene ( amn ) is required for consolidation of aversive memory in the dorsal paired medial (DPM) neurons, a pair of large neurons that broadly innervate the mushroom bodies (MB), the fly center for olfactory learning and memory (Waddell et al., 2000). Yet, a conditional analysis showed that it was not possible to rescue the memory deficit of amn X8  null mutant flies when amn expression was restored only in the adult (DeZazzo et al., 1999), which led the authors to suggest that amn might be involved in the development of brain structures that normally promote adult olfactory memory. To further investigate temporal and spatial requirements of Amnesiac (AMN) peptide in memory, we used RNA interference in combination with conditional drivers. Experiments were conducted either in both sexes, or in either sexes. Our data show that acute modulation of amn expression in adult DPM neurons does not impact memory. We further show that amn expression is required for normal development of DPM neurons. Detailed enhancer trap analyses suggest that amn transcription unit contains two distinct enhancers, one specific of DPM neurons, and the other specific of α/β MB neurons. This prompted us to investigate extensively the role of AMN in the adult MB. Together, our results demonstrate that amn is acutely required in adult α/β MB neurons for middle-term and long-term memory. The data thus establish that amn plays two distinct roles. Its expression is required in DPM neurons for their development, and in adult MB for olfactory memory. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The Drosophila amnesiac gene encodes a neuropeptide whose expression was proposed to be required for consolidation of aversive memory in the dorsal paired medial (DPM) neurons, a pair of large neurons that broadly innervate the mushroom bodies (MB), the olfactory memory center. Here, we investigated amnesiac temporal and spatial requirement using conditional tools that allowed us to manipulate its expression in selected neurons. This work leads to a complete reassessment of the role of amnesiac in brain development and memory. We show that amnesiac is required for two distinct processes: for normal development of DPM neurons, and in adult MB for memory.

Amnesiac Is Required in the Adult Mushroom Body for Memory Formation