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Cat odor elicits a profound defensive reaction in rats that is reduced by benzodiazepine drugs. The neural correlates of this phenomenon were investigated here using Fos immunohistochemistry. Rats received either midazolam (0.75 mg/kg, s.c.) or vehicle and were exposed to pieces of a collar that had been worn by a domestic cat or an unworn (dummy) collar. Cat odor caused midazolam-sensitive defensive behavioral responses, including avoidance of collar contact, inhibition of grooming, and prolonged rearing. Cat odor exposure induced Fos expression in the posterior accessory olfactory bulb (glomerular, mitral, and granule cell layers), with granule cell layer activation attenuated by midazolam. High basal Fos expression, and some cat odor-associated Fos expression, was evident in the main olfactory bulb (glomerular cell layer), and midazolam exerted a strong inhibitory effect in this region. Midazolam inhibited Fos expression in key limbic regions involved in pheromone transduction (medial amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis) and defensive behavior (prelimbic cortex, lateral septum, lateral and medial preoptic areas, and dorsal premammillary nucleus). However, midazolam failed to affect cat odor-related Fos expression in a range of key defense-related sites, including the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray, and cuneiform nucleus. These results indicate that midazolam exerts a region-specific effect on the neural substrates activated by predator odor, with effects in the lateral septum and dorsal premammillary nucleus likely to be of major importance. These findings also suggest the intriguing hypothesis that cat odor is processed by rats as a "pheromone-like" stimulus.

Neural Correlates of Cat Odor-Induced Anxiety in Rats: Region-Specific Effects of the Benzodiazepine Midazolam