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The waste fly ash (FA) material was subjected to chemical treatment with HCl at elevated temperature for a different time to modify its porosity. Modified FA particles with highest surface area and pore volume were further used as a support for TiO 2  catalyst during FA/TiO 2  nanocomposite preparation. The nanocomposite photocatalysts were obtained by  in situ  sol–gel synthesis of titanium dioxide in the presence of FA particles. To perform accurate characterization of modified FA and FA/TiO 2  nanocomposite photocatalysts, gas adsorption-desorption analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, UV/Vis and Infrared spectroscopy were used. Efficiency evaluation of the synthesized FA/TiO 2  nanocomposites was performed by following the removal of Reactive Red 45 (RR45) azo dye during photocatalytic treatment under the UV-A irradiation. Photocatalysis has been carried out up to five cycles with the same catalysts to investigate their stability and the possible reuse. The FA/TiO 2  photocatalyst showed very good photocatalytic activity and stability even after the fifth cycles. The obtained results show that successfully modified waste fly ash can be used as very good TiO 2  support.

Efficiency of TiO 2 catalyst supported by modified waste fly ash during photodegradation of RR45 dye