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During the last 20 years, there has been significant increase all over the world in the applications of laser and photonics technology for clinical practice in hospitals. These biophotonic technologies are facilitating innovations and advancements in medical diagnostics and therapy. For many years, the application of medical lasers was a major priority in the Russian health care community, laser and fiber industry, and recently, based on the fundamental achievements of laser-tissue interactions, it has become one of the most active and important research fields in Russia [1 – 3] . This special issue, together with the next issue, on current laser and photonics medical research in Russia, has attracted many contributions from Russian scientific and clinical research groups. The current issue focuses on diagnostic applications and contains four original articles, one short report and one technical note from Russia academics, complemented by two contributions from Chinese scientific groups, who have a special collaboration with the Russian biophotonic community [4] . In the last 40 years, apart from endobronchial ultrasound, autofluorescence bronchoscopy (AFB) has been the one technology that has had the largest impact on diagnostic bronchoscopy. It is based on the fluorescence visualization of tissue inherent properties to identify preinvasive lesions of the central airways [5] . However, the method itself suffers from a poor specificity, which is about 56% (95% confidence interval, 0.45 – 0.66) according to a meta-analysis by Chen et al. [6] . Bulgakova et al. [7] take the approach that the number of false positive results can be reduced by a combination of autofluorescence (AF) imaging with quantitative spectroscopy. In their paper, they focus on the demonstration of additional spectral characteristics of AF emission which may have the potential to maximize the endogenous contrast between normal mucosa and bronchial malignancy in vivo . This article shows that real time measurements and estimation of all important spectral information, based on the probabilistic approach, is assumed to be useful for real time recommendations for biopsies and for minimizing the number of false positive results during the course of AFB [7] . Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is a common disease with an incidence ranging from 11 to 23 cases per 100,000 per year and being the most fatal stroke subtype with a mortality of up to 40% [8, 9] . The exact etiology and pathophysiology of ICH remains controversial, but it is possible that it is caused by the rupture of small arterioles [8, 10] . The mechanisms underlying the non-traumatic rupture of cerebral vessels are not fully clear, but there is strong evidence that stress, which is associated with an increase in arterial blood pressure, plays a crucial role in the development of acute ICH, and alterations in cerebral blood flow may also be a contributing factor to its pathogenesis. Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya et al. [11] investigated the particularities associated with alterations in arterial and venous cerebral circulation in hypertensive rats at different stages of stress-related development of ICH using three-dimensional Doppler optical coherence tomography (DOCT). It was shown that the evaluation of cerebral venous insufficiency using DOCT is an important diagnostic approach to assess the likelihood of developing cerebral hypotension and ICH [11] . Upconversion nanocomposites are photochemically highly stable nanoparticles, in which the upconversion luminescence can be excited [12] . This upconversion luminescence can be clearly distinguished from those of other organic luminophores and semiconductor nanoparticles, and is therefore applicable for biological studies and fluorescence diagnostics (FD). Furthermore, doping of such nanoparticles with paramagnetic ions, such as gadolinium could lead to FD being combined with magnetic resonance imaging, and thereby leading to a considerable improvement in the sensitivity of tumor diagnostics even in the early stages. In this context, Ryabova et al. [13] have concentrated their efforts on studies of upconversion characteristics of inorganic nanoparticles made of different materials doped with the rare-earth ion pairs Yb 3 + -Er 3 + and Yb 3 + -Tm 3 + as functions of the concentration and composition of a dopant at different excitation intensities.

Current research on photonics and lasers in medicine in Russia: Aktuelle Forschung zum Thema „Photonics und Laser in der Medizin in Russland“’