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This study aimed to investigate the cytotoxicity and pro-inflammatory responses induced by tungsten disulphide (WS 2 ) and molybdenum disulphide (MoS 2 ) nanoparticles (NPs) in human bronchial cells (BEAS-2B). For cytotoxicity assessment, the cells were exposed to different concentrations (2.5–200 µg/mL) of WS 2 -NPs or MoS 2 -NPs for 24 and 48 h and then the MTT assay was performed. Afterwards, long-term toxicity was assessed by the colony forming efficiency assay (CFEA) during a 10 days’ exposure of the cells. For pro-inflammatory responses, the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) mRNA was estimated by the real-time PCR method. Both nanomaterials showed similar cytotoxic effects on BEAS-2B cells assessed by the MTT assay,  i.e.  reduction in cell viability to approx. 60–70% at concentrations of 2.5 and 5 μg/mL after 24 and 48 h. The percentage viability remained relatively constant at this level across all concentrations above 5 μg/mL. In long-term exposure, both nanomaterials inhibited colony formation in a wide range of concentrations up to 100 µg/mL. MoS 2 -NPs were slightly more cytotoxic than WS 2 -NPs. Additionally, MoS 2 -NPs caused an increase in mRNA levels of cytokines, IL-1β, and IL-6 at concentration of 50 µg/mL, while WS 2 -NPs did not cause any changes in the level of mRNA for both cytokines. We also visualised the changes in the cells as a result of WS 2 -NPs or MoS 2 -NPs exposure (2.5 and 25 µg/mL)  via  holotomographic microscopy. This work demonstrates the hazardous potential of both nanomaterials and indicate that WS 2  and MoS 2  nanoparticles should be included in the occupational risk assessment.

Cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects of molybdenum and tungsten disulphide on human bronchial cells