English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Using conversational data, frequency counts, and prosodic evidence drawn from corpora of 70 television drama series and 142 audio-recorded natural conversations, I demonstrate that the Korean connective construction  hakonun  ‘after having done,’ which comprises  ha  ‘do’,  ko  ‘and’ and the topic marker  nun  and indicates a temporal sequence, has developed into a final particle that encodes a speaker’s stance of criticism and complaint. I show that the source,  hakonun,  has routinely been used in expressing concessive relations between two sequential events that go against the speaker’s expectation (‘counter-expectation’), and thus, is frequently used to challenge a hearer (e.g., ‘after having done many evil deeds, how can you ask for my help?’). Through this use, the speaker’s negative affect and stance of disapproval have become semanticized with  hakonun . Drawing on the theoretical frameworks of (inter)subjectification and insubordination, I propose that  hakonun  and Japanese  shi  ‘and’ constitute another case of crosslinguistically similar development of connectives becoming final particles.  McGloin and Konishi (2010)  argue that through its frequent use in the context of counter-expectation,  shi  ‘and’ has recently developed into a final particle expressing a speaker’s negative stance such as criticism and complaint.

From connective construction to final particle: The emergence of the Korean disapproval marker hakonun