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Despite extensive research efforts to explain the Mandarin Chinese particle  le , confusion persists in the absence of a unitary theory and sufficient empirical evidence. This study provides a unitary account of  le  by adopting a usage-based constructionist approach, one that liberates grammatical aspect from, and is able to accommodate, lexical aspect. We argue that  le  participates in two distinct family resemblance constructions of aspect construal associated with two distinct sentential positions. The clause-internal  le  construction construes the closing or final boundary of an event and the clause-final  le  construction construes the opening or initial boundary of an event. Corpus analysis showed that the two aspect constructions have distinct patterns in natural language uses that are consistent with the proposed construals. Results from elicited response data showed that native speakers paid attention to construction-level formal and semantic cues in making family resemblance judgments about tokens of the two constructions. This study has both theoretical and methodological implications for crosslinguistic research on grammatical aspect in relation to lexical aspect and for usage-based constructionist approaches to grammatical categories beyond aspect.

Aspect construal in Mandarin: a usage-based constructionist perspective on LE