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Based on epidemiological and clinical observations there is strong evidence for a prenatal and early postnatal priming of allergic diseases. The pregnant mother in her specific environment influences the allergic development of her offspring considerably. Certain living conditions (high microbial exposure, probiotic nutrition) during pregnancy and in the early postnatal living period were identified as protective for the development of allergies (hay fever, asthma, atopic dermatitis). Nevertheless, these epidemiological and clinical studies are only able to find associations between the maternal environment and the allergic phenotype of the child. It is not possible to show a direct causal relationship between the maternal immune status and the development of allergies in the child. Therefore, it is mandatory to analyze this relationship using animal experiments. First animal studies try to implicate the maternal immunity in the allergic development in the neonate. The development of the neonatal immune system was analyzed after modulation of the maternal immune system. Sensitized mouse mothers influence the adaptive immune system of the neonate essentially. This is true for the T-cell mediated immune response as well as the B-cell mediated antibody response. Maternal sensitization (OVA, Der p1) inhibits, for example, a specific anti-IgE response in the neonates to the same allergen. Treatment of these neonates of sensitized mothers with a heterologous allergen does not alter the specific anti-IgE response. Using this mouse model it was possible to show that an experimentally induced asthmatic phenotype of the mouse mother could be transmitted to the neonate. These results of human and animal studies clearly demonstrate that the maternal immune status influences the development of the neonatal immune system. For future therapeutical strategies of allergy prevention, the described results could be very helpful.

laboratoriumsmedizin

Das pränatale/frühkindliche Immunsystem und Allergie – Ergebnisse humaner und tierexperimenteller Studien / Prenatal and early postnatal immune system and allergy – outcomes of human and animal studies