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In engineering, it is a common desire to couple existing simulation tools together into one big system by passing information from subsystems as parameters into the subsystems under influence. As executed at fixed time points, this data exchange gives the global method a strong explicit component. Globally, such an explicit co-simulation schemes exchange time step can be seen as a step of an one-step method which is explicit in some solution components. Exploiting this structure, we give a convergence proof for such schemes. As flows of conserved quantities are passed across subsystem boundaries, it is not ensured that system-wide balances are fulfilled: the system is not solved as one single equation system. These balance errors can accumulate and make simulation results inaccurate. Use of higher-order extrapolation in exchanged data can reduce this problem but cannot solve it. The remaining balance error has been handled in past work by recontributing it to the input signal in next coupling time step, a technique labeled  balance correction methods . Convergence for that method is proven. Further, the lack of stability for co-simulation schemes with and without balance correction is stated.

Convergence of explicitly coupled simulation tools (co-simulations)