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In the sixteenth century, St. Robert Bellarmine (1542–1621) in his  Disputationes de controversiis Christianae fidei adversus huius temporis haereticos  defended the authority of the conciliar magisterium. Bellarmine, like other sixteenth-century Thomists, held that there were conditions under which God necessarily protects a general council from teaching error, but he did not deny that councils can and have erred. This article explains Bellarmine’s classification of the different types of councils. It also examines the conditions under which he believes that God necessarily protects a council from teaching error. It then discusses Bellarmine’s teaching on what kinds of councils can err and under what conditions a council can do so. Finally, the article will discuss his historical examination of various alleged conciliar errors.

Conciliar Infallibility and Error in the Thomistic Ecclesiology of St. Robert Bellarmine, S.J.