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The agglomeration of bed material is one of the most serious problems in combustion of biomass in fluidized-bed boilers, due to the presence of some inorganic alkali elements such as K and Na in the biomass ash, which form low-melting-point alkali compounds during the process. In this study, agglomeration behaviors of bed materials (silica sand particles) were investigated in a bench-scale bubbling fluidized-bed reactor operating at 800 °C using simulated biomass ash components: KCl, K 2 SO 4,  and a mixture of KCl and K 2 SO 4  at eutectic composition (molar ratio K 2 SO 4 /(KCl+ K 2 SO 4 )=0.26). The signals of temperature and differential pressure across the bed were monitored while heating up the fluidized bed of silica sand particles premixed with various amounts of KCl, and the KCl-K 2 SO 4  mixture in bubbling bed regime. A sharp decrease in temperature and differential pressure was observed around 750 °C and 690 °C for 0.4–0.6 wt% loading of the low melting-point KCl and KCl-K 2 SO 4  mixture, respectively, suggesting the formation of bed material agglomeration and even de-fluidization of the bed. Moreover, this work demonstrated the effectiveness of kaolin and aluminum sulfate to minimize agglomeration. The results indicated that these additives could successfully prevent the formation of agglomerates by forming compounds with high melting points.

Bed Material Agglomeration Behavior in a Bubbling Fluidized Bed (BFB) at High Temperatures using KCl and K 2 SO 4 as Simulated Molten Ash