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European beech ( Fagus sylvatica  L.) and Norway spruce [ Picea abies  (L.) Karst.] have been thermally modified in a combined air-steam atmosphere between 70°C and 150°C and pressures up to 4 bar, and the changes of dimensions and moisture contents (MC) of the samples were studied  in-situ  by means of neutron imaging (NI). This non-invasive testing method offers unique opportunities. NI is highly sensitive for hydrogen and thus well suited for monitoring the MC changes, although some metals (e.g., Al), indispensable for sample environments under high temperature and pressure, are practically transparent to neutrons. The results show that the modification induced changes of MC and dimensions both in radial and tangential direction can well be determined by NI. Dimensional changes from water saturation to oven-dry state, the sorption isotherms, and the differential swelling were observed. Additionally, the sorption behaviour at 20°C was investigated after thermal modification and colour measurements were carried out before and after the thermal treatment.

On-line monitoring of hygroscopicity and dimensional changes of wood during thermal modification by means of neutron imaging methods