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The biomass filtrate containing various metabolites of endophytic bacterial strain,  Brevibacillus brevis  PI-5 was used as a biocatalyst for reducing and stabilizing copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs). UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used for CuO-NPs characterization. A spherical, well-dispersed, and crystallographic structure with sizes of 2–28 nm was formed. The SEM-EDX confirmed the presence of Cu and O with weight percentages of 27.62% and 48.88%, respectively. The biological activities including antifungal, anticancer, and larvicidal of synthesized CuO-NPs were assessed using the fungal radial growth inhibition, MTT assay method, and mortality percentages, respectively. The obtained data showed that the CuO-NPs exhibit high activity in a dose-dependent manner. The growth of three phytopathogenic fungi,  Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria alternata , and  Aspergillus niger  was decreased by percentages of 64.5% ± 4.1%, 62.9% ± 0.3%, and 70.2% ± 2.3%, respectively at 300 µg·mL –1 . Also, various clinical  Candida  spp. were successfully inhibited with varied zones of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentration values in ranges of 6.25–50 µg·mL –1 . The  in vitro  cytotoxicity exhibits target-orientation to breast cancer cells (T47D) at low concentration compared to normal cells (HFB4) with IC 50  values of 122.3 ± 5.4 and 229.9 ± 5.7 μg·mL –1 , respectively. The mortality percentages of I, II, III, and IV instar larvae of  Culex antennatus  were 60% ± 1.4%, 43.1% ± 1.1%, 36.2% ± 1%, and 32.1% ± 0.9%, at 10 mg·L –1  and increased to 86.9% ± 2.1%, 68.1% ± 1.7%, 64.4% ± 1.9%, and 53.1% ± 1.4% at 50 mg·L –1 , respectively.

green processing and synthesis

Endophytic bacterial strain,  Brevibacillus brevis -mediated green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles, characterization, antifungal,  in vitro  cytotoxicity, and larvicidal activity