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This study consists of two questionnaire surveys conducted in two stages to investigate factors that high-stakes exam essay raters believe to affect their rating behavior. Raters were all university Chinese teachers of English majors. Seventy-three participants in stage one and 75 in stage two responded to the same questionnaire. Both exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used in data analysis. Results showed that there were generally six broad factors interfering with the rating process: rating scale, rater training, rating supervision, rater characteristics, eye-catching text features and rating condition. The interaction of those factors reflected the tension between the constraints executed by the test institution and raters’ own knowledge and understanding of essay rating. This study may shed light on measures taken to improve essay rating quality.

Factors Affecting Chinese Raters’ Rating of High-Stakes English Exam Essays