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The Trail Smelter Case of 1926 to 1934 is important in the study of United States-Canadian relations for two reasons. It was the first case of air pollution to come before an international tribunal, and it was the first time that the Canadian government had complete control of the settlement of a problem by international arbitration, from original complaint to final settlement, without clearing its actions through London. Since the issue had no precedent in international law, and very few precedents in national law, the tribunal that examined the facts and rendered a judgment had little to go on; indeed it established a precedent subsequently used in other cases. In 1889 silver ore was discovered in the Lily May mine at Rossland, British Columbia. The nearest smelter to which the ore could be sent was five hundred miles away in Montana. There was almost no transportation in or out of Rossland in 1890, and the boats of the Kootenay Steamship Company that travelled on the Columbia between the Little Dalles, north of the present Kettle Falls in Washington, and Revelstoke, B.C., were much too small to handle the bulky shipments of unsmelted ore from Rossland. Besides, costs were too high to make such shipments profitable even if they could have been made. Accordingly, D. C. Corbin, a Spokane promoter, organized the Spokane Falls and Northern Railway Company which built a road to the Little Dalles from Spokane in the summer of 1890. That same year, five additional mines began production in Rossland. As a result, Frank George, A. V. Downs, and Fred Farquhar, all associates of Corbin, preempted a site on the banks of the Columbia river a few miles north of the Little Dalles and south of the Canadian border, ostensibly for agricultural purposes. Two years later D. J. Roberts, chief engineer for the Spokane

The Trail Smelter Case: International Air Pollution in the Columbia Valley