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Indonesia has been dealing with ethnicity issues since the early days of independence. A local uprising in 1950 in South Maluku, initiated by Republik Maluku Selatan, is evidence of an early serious attempt at separatism on behalf of a particular ethnic group in the new republic. Since then in this multi-ethnic state that is Indonesia, there has been no reduction in efforts or movements that promote ethnic identity. This continuing situation perhaps supports Ernst Geller’s contention that there is a big possibility that a strong primordialist sentiment will continue in a post-colonial society. The disproportionate ethnic representation in the central government is assumed to be the trigger in encouraging primordialist or ethnic sentiments, which were best reflected in the Java versus non-Java debate at the time that Geertz (1973: 273–277) wrote, that is, the 1970s. There are other contributing factors to primordialist sentiment, for instance; economic disadvantage, ideological confrontation or the interests of local elites.

journal of indonesian social sciences and humanities

Nationalism, Democratisation and Primordial Sentiment in Indonesia: Problems of Ethnicity versus Indonesianness (the cases of Aceh, Riau, Papua and Bali)